This article investigates the sources, environmental dynamics, and health implications of
tritium (³H), a radioactive isotope of hydrogen. Naturally produced by cosmic rays in the upper
atmosphere, tritium also has significant anthropogenic origins from nuclear weapon testing, nuclear
fuel cycle operations, and power plant emissions. Particular focus is given to the environmental
situation in Kazakhstan, where the Semipalatinsk Test Site and nuclear facilities contribute to
elevated tritium levels in air, water, and biota.
The paper describes tritium’s high mobility in ecosystems, its ability to integrate into DNA and
proteins, and the health risks associated with both free tritiated water and organically bound tritium.
The authors explore natural and anthropogenic migration pathways, including atmospheric
precipitation, groundwater transport, and bioaccumulation in plants and animals.
The article provides a critical review of tritium analysis techniques. Liquid scintillation
spectrometry is emphasized as a sensitive method for detecting low concentrations in water. Gas
discharge counters are used for atmospheric monitoring, while electrolytic enrichment allows
detection at ultra-low levels. Resonant laser spectroscopy offers non-destructive, high-precision
analysis of tritiated compounds.
The study underscores the importance of continuous radiological monitoring in contaminated
regions and highlights the need for improved environmental safety strategies, particularly in
Kazakhstan. The article concludes that mitigating tritium’s impact requires integrated efforts in
scientific monitoring, regulatory policy, and technological development.