Urban soils are anthropogenically modified soils with a surface layer more than 50 cm thick formed as a result of human activity, obtained by mixing, pouring or burying urbanogenic material, including construction and household waste. The condition of the soil has a significant impact on the health of residents and also on the green space of the area. Urban soil performs important ecological and sanitary functions: absorbs toxic compounds; serves as a filter on the path of surface and groundwater entering groundwater; destroys pathogenic microorganisms, breaks down organic waste and waste products of living organisms. Large industrial centers, cities, and urbanized areas are at the forefront in terms of pollution. Pollution of urban soils is directly related to pollution of local air and water by industrial and household waste. At the same time, the pollution of urban soils is influenced by competent planning of urban infrastructure, construction, communal equipment of residential buildings and buildings, the social condition of residents and other factors. Scientific studies have clearly proven that contaminated urban soil has a negative impact on the overall ecosystem of the city and the health of residents.

The article presents an overview of scientific research on the general concept of urban soil, granulometric composition and peculiarities of soil formation in Astana, as well as structure, sanitary and hygienic quality, sources of urban soil pollution, main pollutants and the impact of contaminated urban soil on the environment. Data from studies on the ecology of soils in Kazakhstan, types and characteristics of pollution are presented. At the same time, the composition of the soil in the city of Astana was determined and a map of territories subject to anthropogenic impact was compiled.