This scientific study is devoted to the investigation of the morphological, morphometric, and
functional characteristics of non-parenchymal liver cells. The liver plays a leading role in metabolism,
detoxification, immune defense, and regeneration processes. Approximately 20–40% of the liver’s
cellular composition consists of non-parenchymal cells. These include liver sinusoidal endothelial
cells, Kupffer cells, Ito (hepatic stellate) cells, Pit cells, dendritic cells, cholangiocytes, and Pirogov
Langhans giant cells.
The aim of the study was to determine the morphometric parameters of non-parenchymal liver
cells and to conduct a comparative analysis of their changes under pathological conditions (diabetes
mellitus and tuberculosis).
The study involved 10 rats weighing 120–150 g and 7 guinea pigs weighing 350–400 g. In rats
with experimentally induced diabetes mellitus, morphometric parameters of Kupffer cells were
examined. In guinea pigs infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, macro- and microscopic analyses
of the liver were performed, including the assessment of granuloma formation and the presence of
Pirogov–Langhans giant cells. Histological examinations were carried out using hematoxylin and eosin
staining as well as the Van Gieson method. Morphometric analysis was performed using a Karl Zeiss
microscope and the Zen software program.
The results demonstrated that in diabetes mellitus there is an increase in both the size and
number of Kupffer cells, indicating enhanced compensatory and adaptive activity. In tuberculous liver
lesions, granulomatous inflammation, caseous necrosis, and the formation of Pirogov–Langhans giant
cells were observed.
The obtained data deepen the understanding of the role of non-parenchymal liver cells in disease
pathogenesis and may serve as a scientific basis for their application in clinical diagnosis and
treatment.